U.S. Homeland Security

Homeland Security Advisory System
(国土安全保障警報システム)

Homeland Security Advisory System The Homeland Security Advisory System shall be binding on the executive branch and suggested, although voluntary, to other levels of government and the private sector. There are five Threat Conditions, each identified by a description and corresponding color. From lowest to highest, the levels and colors are:
Low = Green; 　Guarded = Blue;　Elevated = Yellow ; High = Orange ; 　Severe = Red.

For individuals interested in actions they may take in response to the increased level of threat of terrorist attack: See the Citizen Preparedness Guide or visit the American Red Cross.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) -official site featuring homeland security news, research and technology, threats and protection, links to sub-agencies, and more.

「国土安全保障警報システム」は、有事・危機管理体制について、具体的な理解を深めるのに、よい参考になると思います。これは、米国政経中枢テロの一ヵ月後(2001年１０月８日）に大統領令により準備を指示し、その約５ヵ月後（2002年３月１１日）から国土安全保障局によって開始され、今は、国土安全保障省（ＤＨＳ）が実施しているものです。

  1. 　テロの脅威と攻撃から合衆国を守るために、包括的な国家戦略の遂行を構想し、調整し、適宜修正する。
  2. 　合衆国内でのテロの脅威や攻撃に対しての発見・準備・防止・対応・復旧などに対する国家戦略を確実に行なうため連邦行政省庁、州、地方行政庁、民間部門と緊密な連携を図る。
  3. 　アメリカ合衆国連邦、州、地方行政庁又は国民に対してテロの危険性に関する五段階、五色表示の警報（Advice)を提供する。
  4. 　国民は、各警報段階に応じ、それぞれの立場に応じた防御態勢を整える。例えば、

　このように、スピーデイーに警報システムを整備し、実行に移し、有事･危機管理のために必要な関係者の自覚と協力を促し、自らのこととして有事に備えるようアドバイスする柔軟思考、手法は、大いに学ばなければならないことと思います。(「北朝鮮の核疑惑への日本の対応」より抜粋）

U.S. Homeland Security Facts and Figures : Local Responder Facts

2005年

米政府、公共交通機関の警戒度を「オレンジ」に - asahi.com - 2005年07月08日01時01分 - 　米政府は７日、国内主要都市の鉄道や地下鉄など公共交通機関の警戒度を５段階で上から２番目に高いオレンジに１段階引き上げた。首都ワシントンやニューヨークでは、地下鉄で警官の配置を増やすなどの措置をとった。

　米国では０１年９月の同時多発テロ事件以後、旅客機や空港内の安全管理は格段に強化されたものの、鉄道やバスなどの地上交通機関では金属探知機は導入されておらず、今回のような事件を防ぐ態勢は整っていない。０４年のマドリードでの列車爆破事件に続き、今回も鉄道がねらわれたことから、鉄道の安全管理対策が改めて焦点になりそうだ。

　国土安全保障省のチャートフ長官は会見で「同種の攻撃が米国内で計画されていることを示す具体的な情報はない」と述べた上で、引き続き情報収集や予防措置をとる考えを示した。今回の事件で捜査にあたる英国側とも緊密に協議する。 ----

Threat Level Change Targeted to Mass Transit Sector - July 7, 2005 (11:45 a.m. EDT) -- Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff announced a targeted raise in the threat level. "The thoughts and prayers of the American people are with the victims of this tragedy and our friends in Britain.

In light of today’s attacks in London, the United States Government is raising the threat level from Code Yellow ? or Elevated ? to Code Orange ? or High ? targeted only to the mass transit portion of the transportation sector.  This only includes regional and inter-city passenger rail, subways and metropolitan bus systems.  We are also asking for increased vigilance in other transportation systems.

Currently, the United States has no specific, credible information suggesting an imminent attack in the United States.  However, we know the tactics and methods of terrorists, as demonstrated by the horrific rail bombings in Madrid last year.  The intent of al Qaeda and affiliated organizations to attack in Europe and the United States has been well documented and continues to be reflected in intelligence reporting. " ----

U.S. Raises Transit Alert Level - Terror-threat level raised to orange for public transit systems around the United States. - Washington Post Staff Writers -Thursday, July 7, 2005; 5:12 PM - The U.S. Department of Homeland Security raised the terror threat level to code orange for public transit systems around the country following multiple explosions on London's transportation system early today, but left the national threat level unchanged, U.S. Homeland Security Chief Michael Chertoff said.

Chertoff said the threat level was raised from "elevated" to "high" for regional and inter-city passenger rail, subways and metropolitan bus systems. ----

Post Poll: Americans Say U.S. Not Safer After War -★イラク戦争によって米国がより安全な場所にはならなかったと考える米国民の数が過半数に。イラク戦争開始以降で初めて＝ワシントン・ポストとＡＢＣの共同世論調査 - For the first time since the war in Iraq began, over half of the American public believes the fight there has not made the United States safer. - Washington Post Staff Writers - Tuesday, June 7, 2005; 5:11 PM

- For the first time since the war in Iraq began, over half of the American public believes the fight there has not made the United States safer, according to a new Washington Post-ABC News poll.

While the focus in Washington has shifted from the Iraq conflict to Social Security and other domestic matters, the survey found that Americans rank Iraq second only to the economy in importance -- and that many are losing patience with the enterprise.

Nearly three quarters of Americans say the number of casualties in Iraq is unacceptable, while two-thirds say the U.S. military there is bogged down and nearly six in 10 say the war was not worth fighting -- in all three cases matching or exceeding the highest levels of pessimism yet recorded. More than four in ten now believe the U.S. presence in Iraq is becoming analogous to the experience in Vietnam.

Perhaps most ominously, 52 percent said the war in Iraq has not contributed to the long-term security of the United States, while 47 percent said it did. It was the first time a majority of Americans disagreed with the central notion President Bush has offered to build support for war: that the fight there will make Americans safer from terrorists at home. In late 2003, 62 percent thought the Iraq war aided U.S. security, and just three months ago 52 percent thought so.

Overall, more than half-- 52 percent -- disapprove of how Bush is handling his job. A somewhat larger majority-56 percent-- disapproved of Republicans in Congress and an identical proportion disapproved of Democrats.

However, there were signs that Bush and Republicans in Congress were receiving more of the blame for the recent standoffs over such issues as Bush's judicial nominees and Social Security. Six in ten respondents said Bush and GOP leaders are not making good progress on the nation's problems; of those, 67 percent blamed the president and Republicans while 13 percent blamed congressional Democrats. For the first time, a majority, 55 percent, also said Bush has done more to divide the country than to unite it. -----

核拡散防止：米「ＰＳＩ強化」検討　金融取引も監視　- 毎日新聞　2005年5月31日　15時00分 - 【ワシントン和田浩明】核兵器など大量破壊兵器の拡散防止を目指し、米国が自ら提唱して発足した国際的な枠組み「拡散防止構想（ＰＳＩ）」の強化を検討していることが３０日分かった。国連加盟国の大半が参加する核拡散防止条約（ＮＰＴ）が、先の再検討会議の決裂で空洞化が進む中、ＰＳＩによる不拡散体制の補完に本腰を入れる構えだ。

　ＰＳＩは、ブッシュ大統領が０３年５月に提唱し、大量破壊兵器の国際移転や輸送の阻止を目的に、参加国が連係して航空機や貨物船に対する国際臨検などを実施してきた。現在は６０カ国以上が参加する。
　米国は今回、新たに監視体制を金融取引にも拡大したい考えだ。複数の米国政府当局者によると、国際的組織犯罪集団やテロ組織のマネー・ロンダリング（資金洗浄）を監視する「エグモント・グループ」（９５年発足）との連携を検討している。同グループは、日米など９４カ国・地域の金融当局が参加し、ネットワーク構築を進めてきた。

　パキスタンのカーン博士による核の「闇市場」で、数カ国にまたがる複雑な金融取引が行われてきたという実態が明らかになっており、監視対象を金融取引にも拡充することで、重層的な不拡散体制の構築を目指すとみられる。
　ＰＳＩには中国や韓国は参加していない。米国は、ＰＳＩの主要国「コア・グループ」（米英露豪、日本など１５カ国で構成）がＰＳＩの普及活動をさらに進め、臨検などの共同訓練実施や情報の共有体制を強化し、参加国の結束と増加を進めていきたい意向とみられる。

米テロ対策のコンテナ監視、実施わずか１７％ （2005/5月26日 23:03） - yomiuri on line - 　【ワシントン＝貞広貴志】米上院国土安全・政府活動委員会の常設調査小委員会は２５日、米政府が同時テロ後に実施した船便のコンテナ監視強化策が「抜け穴だらけ」とする調査結果を公表した。

　大量破壊兵器の搬入を阻止するため、海外の積み出し港で危険な貨物を押さえる計画が、効率を優先する商慣行などで形骸化し、検査の実施率がきわめて低い水準にとどまっていた。

　同小委が世界７か所の主要港を調査したところ、米国向けコンテナのうち内容物の検査が行われていたのは、全量のわずか０・３％強にとどまっていた。現地の税関当局が「ハイリスク」と認定したコンテナですら、検査率は１７・５％で、目標の１００％に遠く及ばなかった。

Data Show Increase in Terrorism - Number of serious international terrorist incidents more than tripled last year, State Department finds - Washington Post Staff Writer- Wednesday, April 27, 2005; Page A01 - The number of serious international terrorist incidents more than tripled last year, according to U.S. government figures, a sharp upswing in deadly attacks that the State Department has decided not to make public in its annual report on terrorism due to Congress this week.

Overall, the number of what the U.S. government considers "significant" attacks grew to about 655 last year, up from the record of around 175 in 2003, according to congressional aides who were briefed on statistics covering incidents including the bloody school seizure in Russia and violence related to the disputed Indian territory of Kashmir.

Terrorist incidents in Iraq also dramatically increased, from 22 attacks to 198, or nine times the previous year's total -- a sensitive subset of the tally, given the Bush administration's assertion that the situation there had stabilized significantly after the U.S. handover of political authority to an interim Iraqi government last summer.

The State Department announced last week that it was breaking with tradition in withholding the statistics on terrorist attacks from its congressionally mandated annual report. Critics said the move was designed to shield the government from questions about the success of its effort to combat terrorism by eliminating what amounted to the only year-to-year benchmark of progress.

Although the State Department said the data would still be made public by the new National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), which prepares the information, officials at the center said no decision to publish the statistics has been made.

The controversy comes a year after the State Department retracted its annual terrorism report and admitted that its initial version vastly understated the number of incidents. That became an election-year issue, as Democrats said the Bush administration tried to inflate its success in curbing global terrorism after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.

"Last year was bad. This year is worse. They are deliberately trying to withhold data because it shows that as far as the war on terrorism internationally, we're losing," said Larry C. Johnson, a former senior State Department counterterrorism official, who first revealed the decision not to publish the data.

After a week of complaints from Congress, top aides from the State Department and the NCTC were dispatched to the Hill on Monday for a private briefing. There they acknowledged for the first time the increase in terrorist incidents, calling it a "dramatic uptick," according to participants and a letter to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice from Rep. Henry A. Waxman (D-Calif.).

The administration aides sought to explain the rise in attacks as the result of more inclusive methodology in counting incidents, which they argued made year-to-year comparisons "increasingly problematic," sources said.

In his letter urging Rice to release the data, Waxman said that "the large increases in terrorist attacks reported in 2004 may undermine administration claims of success in the war on terror, but political inconvenience has never been a legitimate basis for withholding facts from the American people."

Both Republican and Democratic aides at the meeting criticized what a GOP attendee called the "absurd" explanation offered by the State Department's acting counterterrorism chief, Karen Aguilar, that the statistics are not relevant to the required report on trends in global terrorism. "It's absurd to issue a report without statistics," said the aide, who is not authorized to speak publicly on the matter. "This is a self-inflicted wound by the State Department."

Aguilar, according to Hill aides, told them that Rice decided to withhold the statistics on the recommendation of her counselor, Philip D. Zelikow. He was executive director of the Sept. 11 commission that investigated the terrorist attacks on the United States.

The terrorism statistics provided to the congressional aides were not classified but were stamped "for official use only." Last week, State Department spokesman Richard A. Boucher said the government would publish "all the facts," but at Monday's session Aguilar told the staff members that even if the NCTC decided not to release the data, the State Department would not reconsider and publicly do so itself.

A State Department spokesman said last night that he is confident the data will be officially released. He said the government is committed to "providing the public all the information it needs to have an informed debate on this issue."

Under the standards used by the government, "significant" terrorist attacks are defined as those that cause civilian casualties or fatalities or substantial damage to property. Attacks on uniformed military personnel such as the large number of U.S. troops stationed in Iraq are not included.

The data provided to the congressional aides also showed terrorist attacks doubling over the previous year in Afghanistan, to 27 significant incidents, and in Israel, Gaza and the West Bank, where attacks rose to about 45, from 19 the year before. Also occurring last year were such deadly attacks as the seizure of a school in Beslan, Russia, by Chechen militants that resulted in at least 330 dead, and the Madrid train bombings that left nearly 200 dead.

The State Department did not disclose to the aides the overall number of those killed in incidents last year. Johnson said his count shows it was well over 1,000.

Most Homeland Security Funding Goes Unspent-D.C. region, which has designated only 17 percent of its $145 million in anti-terrorism grants, ranks last in nation, according to congressional data.-Washington Post -Sunday, April 10, 2005; Page A01-The Washington area has not spent the majority of $145 million in anti-terrorism grants awarded by the federal government over the past three years, including funds earmarked for such critical items as hospital beds and protective gear for rescue workers.

Long after the 2001 attacks on New York and Washington, homeland security spending across the country remains bogged down by administrative problems, back orders for equipment and long timelines to implement new technology, such as communications systems.

Although the Washington area is designated as high-risk, it has not spent $120 million of the federal aid it received between 2002 and 2004, according to the Department of Homeland Security. Local authorities said that spending fell behind in 2003 and that more time was needed to coordinate plans with Maryland, Virginia and 16 suburban jurisdictions.

The area, which has a spending rate of 17 percent, ranks last compared with the 50 states, according to data released to Congress and obtained by The Washington Post and CBS's "60 Minutes," which is scheduled to air a report tonight on waste in homeland security grants. The national spending average is 44 percent.

Local authorities said the ranking is misleading because it does not reflect that they have committed 80 percent of their funds, or $115 million, to projects underway for the District and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The inclusion of obligated funds, they said, is a fairer measure than counting dollars spent only after the work is completed. ----

米国土安全省がテロ被害予測、核爆発で損失数十兆円(2005/3/17 13:32)-Yomiuri On Line

Homeland Security Hampered-Squabbles Blamed for Reducing Effectiveness-Washington Post - Wednesday, February 2, 2005; Page A01-As its leadership changes for the first time, the Department of Homeland Security remains hampered by personality conflicts, bureaucratic bottlenecks and an atmosphere of demoralization, undermining its ability to protect the nation against terrorist attack, according to current and former administration officials and independent experts.

Although the 22-month-old department has vast powers over the lives of travelers, immigrants and citizens, it remains a second-tier agency in the clout it commands within President Bush's Cabinet, the officials said. Pockets of dysfunction are scattered throughout the 180,000-employee agency, they said.

There is wide consensus that the agency has made important strides in a number of areas, including establishing high-speed communications links with state and local authorities, researching sensors to detect explosives and biopathogens, and addressing vulnerabilities in the nation's aviation system. Its weaknesses, including scant progress in protecting thousands of U.S. chemical plants, rail yards and other elements of the nation's critical infrastructure, have received considerable public attention as well. ----

Civil Service System Is On the Way Out at DHS-Department of Homeland Security will deviate from Federal Personnel Rules; other agencies may follow suit. -Washington Post - Thursday, January 27, 2005; Page A01-The Bush administration unveiled a new personnel system for the Department of Homeland Security yesterday that will dramatically change the way workers are paid, promoted, deployed and disciplined -- and soon the White House will ask Congress to grant all federal agencies similar authority to rewrite civil service rules governing their employees.

The new system will replace the half-century-old General Schedule, with its familiar 15 pay grades and raises based on time in a job, and install a system that more directly bases pay on occupation and annual performance evaluations, officials said. The new system has taken two years to develop and will require at least four more to implement, they said.

Under the new plan, employees will be grouped into eight to 12 clusters based on occupation. Salary ranges will be based, in part, on geographic location and annual market surveys by a new compensation committee of what similar employees earn in the private sector and other government entities. Within each occupational cluster, workers will be assigned to one of four salary ranges, or "pay bands," based on their skill level and experience.---

Homeland Security: International Dimensions : Monday, Jan. 17, 2005 - CSIS - Homeland Defense Secretary Tom Ridge outlined the international dimensions of homeland security on Jan. 12, at CSIS. In his speech, he emphasized that international cooperation plays a vital role in homeland security. "If there is anything that we learned from the September 11th attacks, it's that terrorism is a transnational endeavor," said David Heyman, director of the CSIS Homeland Security Program, in his introductory remarks. "The 9-11 attackers conceived of their plans in the Phillippines, planned in Malaysia and Germany; recruited from Yemen and Saudi Arabia and trained in Pakistan and Afghanistan. And if terrorism does not stop at our borders than homeland security must reach past our shores as well."
Read the Transcript>

Chertoff's Policies Criticized-Homeland security nominee is an architect of controversial elements of domestic war on terrorism after 9/11. -Washington Post -Wednesday, January 12, 2005; Page A10-Michael Chertoff, President Bush's nominee to be secretary of homeland security, is widely hailed for his intellectual heft and tireless work habits as a federal prosecutor and judge. But he also faces criticism as an architect of some of the most controversial elements of the Bush administration's domestic war on terrorism that followed the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.

As an assistant attorney general in the months after the attacks, Chertoff helped oversee the detention of 762 foreign nationals for immigration violations; none of them was charged with terrorism-related crimes. A subsequent report by the Justice Department's inspector general determined that Justice's "no bond" policy for the detainees -- a tactic whose legality was questioned at the time by immigration officials -- led to lengthy delays in releasing them from prison, where some faced "a pattern of physical and verbal abuse."

"We're very concerned that Judge Chertoff views immigration solely through the lens of national security and counterterrorism, and that his record on counterterrorism needs to be closely examined," said Kate Martin, director of the Center for National Security Studies, a civil liberties group.

But Chertoff's admirers say he is respectful of constitutional protections, and they stress his legal skills as a prosecutor and lawyer in private practice."He's got the right mix of substantive knowledge and administrative skill that is needed for this job," said George Terwilliger, a senior Justice Department official in the George H.W. Bush administration who is close to the White House.---

米国土安全長官にチェルトフ連邦高裁判事を指名- (2005/1/12/01:16　読売新聞)　【ワシントン＝貞広貴志】ブッシュ米大統領は１１日、米国内でのテロ対策を総括する国土安全長官にマイケル・チェルトフ連邦高裁判事（５１）を指名した。これで１５閣僚の指名がすべて終わり、上院の承認手続きを経て２期目ブッシュ政権が正式に発足する。
　チェルトフ氏は、判事や弁護士の経験を持つ。２００１年の米同時テロでは司法省の次官補としてテロ対策での法運用を指揮した。指名発表でブッシュ大統領は、チェルトフ氏を「テロとの戦いにおける主要な指導者」と評した。
　ただ、中央政界では無名の存在で、１８万人の巨大組織を束ねる能力を疑問視する声も上がっている。　次期国土安全長官ポストには、昨年１２月にバーナード・ケリク前ニューヨーク市警本部長が指名されたものの、不法移民を雇用していたことが発覚、同氏は指名辞退していた。 

Bush Names Chertoff To Head Homeland Office-Federal appeals court judge helped shape administration's legal policy in the war on terror. -Washington -Tuesday, January 11, 2005; 3:36 PM-President Bush today nominated federal judge Michael Chertoff to replace Tom Ridge as the new secretary of homeland security, turning to a little-known but reliable former prosecutor and Justice Department official after his first choice was forced to withdraw in the face of revelations about his background.

Ridge, speaking later in a separate appearance, announced "unprecedented" security measures for the Jan. 20 presidential inauguration in Washington, where Bush will take the oath of office for his second term and attend a series of inaugural balls.

"Security will be at the highest levels that they've ever been for any inaugural," Ridge said, adding that the measures -- both visible and unseen -- will "ensure we leave nothing to chance."

He said that "there is no specific threat" from terrorists to disrupt the inauguration, but that it remains an inviting target as "the most visible manifestation of our democracy." He called on the public to "remain vigilant" and report any suspicious items or activities to law enforcement authorities.-----

2004年

◆アル・カーイダ、米でテロ計画…米紙誌が報道- (2004/8/9/20:43　読売新聞)　【ニューヨーク＝勝田誠】９日付の米紙ニューヨーク・タイムズ（電子版）は、国際テロ組織アル・カーイダがニューヨーク・マンハッタンの遊覧ヘリコプターを使った攻撃を計画していたと伝えた。　米治安当局者の話として報じた。今週中にヘリを利用する観光客への対策を講じるという。
　一方、９日発売の米誌タイムによると、パキスタンで最近押収されたアル・カーイダ工作員のパソコンなどから米本土での再攻撃計画の内容が判明。ニューヨーク証券取引所に、爆発物を満載した大型タンクローリーなどで突っ込む方法が検討されていたという。

◆米の最速偵察機、後継は無人・ステルス化- (2004/8/7/17:04　読売新聞)　【ワシントン＝笹沢教一】米国防総省が世界最高速の軍用機として知られるＳＲ７１偵察機の後継機として、レーダーに見つかりにくいステルス機能を持つ超音速の無人機を計画していることが６日明らかになった。　米軍事専門紙ディフェンス・ニュース最新号が政府高官の話として報じた。
　後継機の具体的な性能などは明らかになっていないが、偵察を主体としながらも攻撃用の武装も施す用途の広いものになるという。　米国では、ステルス大型爆撃機Ｂ２以来の大型計画とも目されており、空気の薄い高高度と通常の高度で機能を切り替えるハイブリッド型ジェットエンジンが搭載されるのではないかとみられている。　ＳＲ７１は１９６０年代に開発され、ジェットエンジンの有人機としては世界最高速のマッハ３（音速の３倍）を記録した。

New Qaeda Activity Is Said to Be Major Factor in Alert -August 4, 2004-WASHINGTON, Aug. 3 - Senior government officials said Tuesday that new intelligence pointing to a current threat of a terrorist attack on financial targets in New York and possibly in Washington - not just information about surveillance on specific buildings over the years - was a major factor in the decision over the weekend to raise the terrorism alert level.

The officials said the separate stream of intelligence, which they had not previously disclosed, reached the White House only late last week and was part of a flow that the officials said had prompted them to act urgently in the last few days.

The officials disclosed the information a day after the Bush administration acknowledged for the first time that much of the surveillance activity cited last weekend by Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge to justify the latest, specific warnings had been at least three years old. At the same time, the White House offered a vigorous defense of its decision to heighten the alert in Manhattan, Newark and Washington, with officials saying there was still good reason for alarm.

"I think it's wrong and plain irresponsible to suggest that it was based on old information,'' Scott McClellan, the White House spokesman, said of the heightened warning as President Bush traveled to Dallas on a campaign swing.
In an appearance in New York, Mr. Ridge responded forcefully to a question about whether election-year politics had played a part in determining how and when the intelligence was released.

"We don't do politics in the Department of Homeland Security,'' Mr. Ridge said. He added: "The detail, the sophistication, the thoroughness of this information, if you had access to it, you'd say we did the right thing. Government should let the public know about situations like this. It's not about politics. It's about confidence in government telling you when they get the information.''----

テロ情報、同時テロ以前の古いものか　米有力２紙報道(08/03 19:43)-Asahi.com-　ワシントンの世界銀行やニューヨーク証券取引所など一部の金融関連施設がテロの対象となっているとして、米政府が警戒レベルを引き上げる根拠にした情報の多くが０１年の同時多発テロ以前の古いものだったことが３日、明らかになった。ニューヨーク・タイムズとワシントン・ポスト（いずれも電子版）が報じた。複数の政府当局者から得た情報としている。 ----

Ridge Calls Heightened Terror Alert 'Preemptive'-'Preemptive Action' Necessary Even if Casing Done Prior to 9/11, Secretary Says-Washington Post -Tuesday, August 3, 2004; 4:38 PM-Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge said today that the government needed to take "preemptive action" to warn the public that al Qaeda had been casing five U.S. financial institutions, even if the alleged surveillance was conducted before the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.

At a news conference in New York, Ridge said several times that some computerized files from 2000 and 2001 documenting the al Qaeda surveillance were "updated" more recently than that. "I don't want anyone to disabuse themselves of the seriousness of this information simply because there are some reports that much of it is dated," Ridge said.

When you see this kind of detailed planning, you have to take preemptive action to prevent it from occurring," he added, according to a transcript of his remarks.
Asked what he would say to skeptical people who see a political motive in the terror alert, he replied: "I wish I could give them all Top Secret clearances and let them review the information that some of us have the responsibility to review. We don't do politics in the Department of Homeland Security." ----

U.S. Officials Defend Warning of Possible Terror Attacks -NYTimes-August 3, 2004-WASHINGTON, Aug. 3 - American officials defended today their stark warning of possible terror attacks on five East Coast financial institutions, saying that even though militants might have conducted much of their surveillance some years ago, the threat was no less real.
"I don't want anyone to disabuse themselves of the seriousness of this information simply because there are some reports that much of it is dated, it might be two or three years old," Tom Ridge, secretary of homeland security, told reporters in New York today. "This is a resilient organization that does its homework," he said of Al Qaeda.-----

世銀などテロ攻撃の恐れ　米、警戒レベル引き上げ(08/03 01:42)-Sankei Web -　リッジ米国土安全保障長官は１日、国際テロ組織アルカーイダが首都ワシントンやニューヨークなどで世界銀行など金融中枢５施設を攻撃する可能性を示す具体的情報を得たとし、これらの施設へのテロ警戒レベルを上から２番目の「オレンジ」（高度の危険）に引き上げたと発表した。　米政府は２００２年３月からテロの危険度に応じた警戒レベルを最高の赤からオレンジ、黄、青、緑の５段階で表示。オレンジへの引き上げは昨年１２月下旬以来で６回目だが、特定施設に限定したのは初めて。----
　長官はテロ標的施設として、ワシントンの国際通貨基金（ＩＭＦ）と世銀の本部、ニューヨークの証券取引所や米銀行大手シティグループ本部が入るビル、ニュージャージー州にある米保険大手プルデンシャル・ファイナンシャルのビルを挙げた。----
　２日付の米紙ワシントン・ポストによると、パキスタンで７月末、同国軍と米軍がアルカーイダのメンバー宅を急襲した際に拘束した男の１人が、ニューヨークやワシントンの企業や政府機関などの標的を調査した詳細な資料の隠し場所を供述したという。----

Remarks for Secretary Tom Ridge Threat Level Statement - Secretary Ridge Announces Threat Level Code Orange for Financial Sector in New York City, Northern New Jersey and Washington, D.C. August 1, 2004 - Good afternoon.  President Bush has told you, and I have told you, when we have specific credible information, we will share it.  

This afternoon, we do have new and unusually specific information about where al Qaida would like to attack.  As a result, today, the United States Government is raising the threat level to Code Orange for the financial services sector in New York City, Northern New Jersey and Washington, D.C.  

Since September 11th, 2001, leaders of our commercial financial institutions have demonstrated exceptional leadership in improving its security. However, in light of new intelligence information, we have made the decision to raise the threat level for this sector, in these communities, to bring protective resources to their highest capacity.  This will allow us to increase protection in and around those buildings that require it and also raise awareness for employees, residents, customers and visitors.  We know from experience that increased physical protection and added vigilance from citizens can thwart a terrorist attack. And that is our goal.

This is the first time we have chosen to use the Homeland Security Advisory System in such a targeted way. Compared to previous threat reporting, these intelligence reports have provided a level of detail that is very specific. The quality of this intelligence, based on multiple reporting streams in multiple locations, is rarely seen and is alarming in both the amount and specificity of the information. ------

米同時テロに関する国家調査委員会（通称：9・11委員会）は7月22日最終報告書を発表しました。報告書（585ページ）はテロに対する米国の防御構造の欠陥を指摘、「国家情報長官」や対テロ国家センターの新設など様々な改善策を挙げています。
１．9・11委員会報告書概要（pdf、31p) "Executive Summary of the Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States," June 22, 2004:
http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911ReportExec.pdf
２. 9・11委員会報告書全文と記者会見などがまとまっている9・11委員会のサイト：http://www.9-11commission.gov/
３．ブッシュ大統領のコメント："Remarks by the President on the 9/11 Commission Report," July 22, 2004:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/07/print/20040722-5.html

≪米中枢同時テロ報告書の要旨≫(06/17 12:30)-Sankei Web-　米中枢同時テロを検証する独立調査委員会の事務局が１６日発表した報告書の要旨は次の通り。
　一、国際テロ組織アルカーイダ幹部のハリド・シェイク・モハメド容疑者が同時テロのアイデアを思い付いたようだ。
　一、アルカーイダ指導者のウサマ・ビンラーディン氏が１９９９年の早い時期にモハメド容疑者に航空機を使用したテロを全面支援すると通告した。
　一、モハメド容疑者は最初、米国の東海岸と西海岸で１０機の民間機を乗っ取る計画を立案。攻撃目標は米中央情報局（ＣＩＡ）と米連邦捜査局（ＦＢＩ）の本部、原発やカリフォルニア、ワシントン両州で最も高いビルだった。
　一、この当初案ではモハメド容疑者が自ら１機の操縦かんを握り、機内で男性乗客を殺害後に着陸。空港で米政府の中東政策を非難する声明を発表し、女性、子供の乗客を解放する計画だった。
　一、１９９９年半ばには米国と東南アジアで同時に乗っ取りを敢行する案に修正。米国では従来の計画通りだったが、東南アジアでは空中爆破を狙っていた。
　一、この計画では日本、シンガポール、韓国にある米国関連の標的に突っ込む代替案もあった。
　一、ビンラーディン氏は２０００年４月か５月までに、米国と同時に実施するのは困難として東南アジアでの同時テロ案を放棄した。
　一、（実行犯の中心人物）モハメド・アッタ容疑者が２００１年８月半ばにテロ決行日を連絡。
　一、攻撃目標には当初、ホワイトハウス、国防総省、世界貿易センター、連邦議会が含まれていた。ビンラーディン氏はホワイトハウスに突っ込むことを望んだ。アッタ容疑者はホワイトハウスを狙うとしながらも困難な場合は議会を代替案として確保すると述べた。
　一、決行日について、ビンラーディン氏が米駆逐艦コール爆破から７カ月に当たる２００１年５月１２日を望んだ。同氏はイスラエルのシャロン首相が訪米する６、７月を提案したが、いずれも準備不足で延期となった。（共同）

Bush's View on Qaeda-Iraq Ties Remains Unchanged After Report -NYTimes-June 17, 2004-A day after the commission investigating 9/11 reported that it had found no evidence of a "collaborative relationship" between Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein, President Bush reiterated today that there were nonetheless links between the terror group and the Iraqi dictator.

"The reason I keep insisting that there was a relationship between Iraq and Saddam and Al Qaeda is because there was a relationship between Iraq and Al Qaeda," Mr. Bush told reporters after a cabinet meeting today.

But the 9/11 commission staff's lengthy chronology of the events of Sept. 11, 2001, said that although there was evidence of repeated contacts between Iraq and Al Qaeda in the 1990's, "they do not appear to have resulted in a collaborative relationship." -----

Al Qaeda Originally Envisioned Plot With 10 Jets-Washington Post -Wednesday, June 16, 2004; 1:40 PM-The terrorist attacks carried out on Sept. 11, 2001, were originally envisioned as an even more spectacular assault involving 10 jetliners on the east and west coasts, but the plan was scaled back and was nearly derailed on several occasions by setbacks and squabbling among senior al Qaeda officials, according to a new report released this morning.

Air Chief: 9/11 Jets Could Have Been Shot Down-Report Documents Command and Communication Errors-Washington Post -Thursday, June 17, 2004; 2:50 PM-The chief of U.S. air defenses testified today that if his command had been notified immediately of the Sept. 11, 2001, hijackings and ordered to intervene, U.S. fighter jets would have been able to shoot down all four of the airliners that were seized by terrorists and that ultimately crashed into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania.
--------------------------------But he warned that NORAD should always be considered a "force of last resort."
According to the commission's new staff report, Vice President Cheney did not issue orders to shoot down hostile aircraft on Sept. 11, 2001, until long after the last hijacked airliner had already crashed, and that the order was never passed along to military fighter pilots searching for errant aircraft that morning.----

No Hussein-9/11 Tie Seen-Washington Post -Wednesday, June 16, 2004; 1:32 PM -"No credible evidence" that top Iraqi leader assisted al Qaeda, panel says.

テロ対策で日米税関職員がコンテナ共同調査へ　東京港(05/21 18:25) -Asahi.com.-　米関税庁のボナー長官は２０日、米国向けのコンテナを日本の税関当局と共同で検査するため、２１日から米国の税関職員を東京港に常駐させると発表した。
　テロ対策のため、世界各国の主要港に米税関職員を常駐させるコンテナ安全戦略（ＣＳＩ）の一環。コンテナに隠された武器が米国に流入するのを防ぐため、米税関職員が相手国の職員と共同でコンテナを検査する。
　日本側は０２年、ＣＳＩに参加することで米国側と合意した。日本では昨年３月から横浜港で米税関職員が常駐を始めており、東京港は２番目となる。今後、神戸港と名古屋港にも拡大する。一方、日本側の税関職員も、すでにロサンゼルス港に常駐している。

Homeland Security and Emerging Economies by James Jay Carafano,September 14, 2004

米国、日本人観光客も指紋採取・写真の対象に- (2004/4/3/14:37　読売新聞)-米政府は２日、査証（ビザ）を免除している日本や欧州諸国など２７か国からの観光客ら短期滞在者についても、テロ対策の一環として米国入国時に実施している指紋採取と顔写真撮影の対象にすると発表した。
　国土安全省によると、新たな措置は９月３０日までに空港と港で導入し、年末までには陸路５０か所での入国時にも実施される。
　入国審査では、入国者の両手の人さし指の指紋をスキャナーで読み取り、デジタルカメラで顔写真も撮影してテロリストら手配者のデータと照合する。
　米国では短期滞在者のビザ免除を取り消すことが決まっている。米政府は議会にこの決定の実施を２年延期する立法措置を求めており、その代替策として指紋採取などの対策を講じた。
　米政府は今年１月５日から長期滞在の査証を持つ外国人らを対象に、米国入国時に指紋採取と顔写真の撮影を実施している。

President Highlights Homeland Security's Accomplishments at Year One-Remarks by the President on the One-Year Anniversary of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security : Ronald Reagan Building -Washington, D.C. -President Highlights a More Secure America on First Anniversary of Department of Homeland Security-March 2, 2004-

National Threat Level Lowered-(January 9, 2004)-Statement by Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge ---Today, based on a careful review of the available intelligence, we have lowered the threat level to Yellow. We are still concerned about the continued threats, but the threat conditions that we've been following have diminished. With the passing of the holidays and many large gatherings that occurred during this time, we have made the decision to come down to Yellow.

「汚い爆弾」テロ防止へ、米が４都市に専門職員派遣(1/8 11:26)- (2004/1/8/11:26　読売新聞)-米政府は７日、放射性物質をまき散らす「汚い爆弾」によるテロを未然に防ぐため、首都ワシントン、ニューヨーク、ラスベガス、ロサンゼルスの４都市に、放射能検知機を携行したエネルギー省などの専門職員を派遣したことを明らかにした。
　専門職員は、年末年始の休暇時期から各都市に派遣された。元日に大学アメリカンフットボールの人気試合ローズボウルが開催されるロサンゼルスなど、多くの人が集まる都市が選ばれた。検知機はゴルフバッグや書類カバンで偽装されているほか、米国でメモ代わりによく使われる手のひら大の小型携帯端末（ＰＤＡ）に仕込まれたものもあるという。
　米国では年末以降、「国際テロ組織アル・カーイダによる汚い爆弾を使ったテロ計画がある」との報道もあるが、国土安全省当局者は今回の配置について「一般的な保安対策の一環で、具体的なテロ情報によるものではない」としている。

米がテロ対策で長期滞在入国者の指紋採取、顔写真撮影- (2004/1/6/10:53　読売新聞)　【ワシントン＝伊藤俊行】米政府は５日、対テロ政策の一環として、長期滞在の査証を持つ外国人の米国入国に際し、指紋採取と顔写真の撮影を、全米１１５の国際空港および１４の港湾で開始した。
　指紋情報と顔の形状を米政府が保管するテロリスト情報や犯罪者名簿と照合し、入国を水際阻止するほか、滞在期間を超えた人物の特定にも役立てる。情報はデータベース化して他の行政機関とも共有するため、市民団体などから懸念が示されている。日本など２７か国は査証免除措置があり、査証を免除された短期滞在の旅行者などは適用外。米国土安全省によると、この措置で年間約２４００万人の情報が収集される見通し。
　米政府は今年秋以降をめどに、米国大使館などで査証を申請する際にも、指紋と顔の情報を採取する予定。また、査証免除措置についても、旅券に顔のデジタル情報、指紋、虹彩（こうさい）などの生体情報が記録されることを条件に継続する方針。

2003年

Threat Level Raised-(December 21, 2003) -Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge raised the threat level to orange (high) on Sunday.---The U.S. intelligence community has received a substantial increase in the volume of threat-related intelligence reports. These credible sources suggest the possibility of attacks against the homeland around the holiday season and beyond.
The strategic indicators, including al-Qaida's continued desire to carry out attacks against our homeland, are perhaps greater now than at any point since September 11th, 2001.--

Threat Level Changed to Yellow-(May 30, 2003)Elevated-The Department of Homeland Security in consultation with the Homeland Security Council, has made the decision to move the national threat level from a High risk of terrorist attack to an Elevated risk or level Yellow.

Threat Level Changed to Orange-(May 20, 2003)-The Department of Homeland Security in consultation with the Homeland Security Council, has made the decision to raise the national threat level from an Elevated to High risk of terrorist attack or Level Orange. The U.S. Intelligence Community believes that Al Qaida has entered an operational period worldwide, and this may include attacks in the United States.

Threat Level Returns to Yellow-(April 16, 2003)-Following a review of intelligence and an assessment of threats by the intelligence community, the Department of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Homeland Security Council, has made the decision to lower the threat advisory level to an elevated risk of terrorist attack, or "yellow level."

National Threat Level Raised to Orange-(March 17, 2003) -The Department of Homeland Security in consultation with the Homeland Security Council, has made the decision to raise the national threat level from an Elevated to High risk of terrorist attack or Level Orange. Fact Sheet

Joint Statement of Attorney General John Ashcroft and Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge-February 27, 2003 -Based on a review of intelligence and an assessment of threats by the intelligence community, the Attorney General in consultation with the Homeland Security Council has made the decision to return the threat level to an elevated risk of terrorist attack, or "yellow" level.

U.S. Raises Terror Alert To Second-Highest Level-Ashcroft cites "increased likelihood" of attack on Americans. --By Dan Eggen-Washington Post Staff Writer-Friday, February 7, 2003; 3:01 PM-The Bush administration today elevated the nationwide terrorist threat index for the second time since the system was put into effect last March, warning that recent intelligence suggests a "high risk" of attacks by the al Qaeda terrorist network against U.S. targets at home and abroad.
The decision to elevate the threat was based on "specific intelligence" that was "corroborated by multiple intelligence services," Attorney General John D. Ashcroft said at an early afternoon news conference, where he was joined by Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III.

米、テロ危険度を１段階引き上げ「高い危険」に (2/8-10:32)-YomiuriOnLine-アシュクロフト米司法長官とリッジ国土安全長官は７日、対米テロへの警戒度を示す５段階の色表示を、３番目の「黄色」（相当の危険）から２番目の「オレンジ」（高い危険）に引き上げると発表した。

米、国土安全保障省が誕生　テロ対策を統合  (01/25 18:29) -Asahi.com.-米国内のテロ対策を束ねる国土安全保障省が２４日、正式に発足した。--ワシントン北西部の海軍施設の中に置かれ、当初は数百人規模でスタート。３月１日から実際に各機関を傘下に納める。 (18:29)

Homeland Security Gets First Chief: Ridge Sworn In as Democrats Criticize Bush Policies, Funding (Washington Post, Jan. 25, 2003)

Ridge Is Sworn In as a New Cabinet Secretary NewYorkTimes-Jan.25,2003-By PHILIP SHENON-Tom Ridge acknowledged that "we have a long way to go" in meeting the department's goal of pre-empting a new wave of terrorist strikes.-WASHINGTON, Jan. 24 ・On the first day of a sweeping government overhaul, the Department of Homeland Security opened for business today with a skeleton staff that will take control of 22 existing federal agencies over the next several months, redirecting their mission to focus on the defense of American soil from the possibility of new terrorist attacks.

Ridge Sworn In as Secretary of Homeland Security-January 24, 2003-1:20 P.M. EST- Secretary Tom Ridge was sworn in as the first Secretary of Homeland Security. President Bush commended Ridge in a speech following the ceremony at the White House.-THE PRESIDENT: Good afternoon, and thank you all for coming. Welcome to the White House and welcome to this historic moment. As of today, the law creating the United States Department of Homeland Security comes into effect. And now this Department has its first Secretary, Thomas Joseph Ridge.
Homeland Security becomes the 15th executive department of my Cabinet. It begins a vital mission in the defense of our country. We've learned that vast oceans no longer protect us from the dangers of a new era. This government has a responsibility to confront the threat of terror wherever it is found.

Homeland HQ Set for D.C.-WashingtonPost-January 23, 2003; Page A01-Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge announced yesterday that the headquarters for the new Cabinet department will be at a military-controlled base in Northwest Washington for the foreseeable future.---The homeland security department will immediately move about 100 core staff members from temporary offices in downtown Washington. But the department has postponed thornier questions, such as how many employees will ultimately work at the new headquarters, how much space they will occupy and how long they will stay.

Homeland Center Signals Northern Varginia's Rise-Defense Ties to Va. Help Lure Agency-WashingtonPost-Jan.9,2003-Homeland Security's Interest in Suburbs Reflects Federal Shift --Local governments across the region have lobbied for months to host the new department, created by the consolidation of all or parts of 22 government agencies. A workforce of 177,000 people nationwide is forecast, with about 10 percent based in the Washington area. Some 2,000 employees are expected to work at headquarters initially.---"We are spending $250 million, a quarter of a billion dollars, for a 10-year lease.

Northern Va. Likely To Be New Homeland Security Site-[Washington Post, January 8, 2003, Pg. 1]-The Department of Homeland Security headquarters will probably be one of northern Virginia three sites being considered by the Bush administration.

2002年

"Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan," November 25, 2002 (PDF, 18p)の要約

米、テロ対策の新省発足へ（11/26 09:33）-SAnkei Web-　大統領は法案署名の式典で「新しい脅威から米国民を守るための歴史的な行動だ」と言明。初代長官として、ホワイトハウスの国土安全保障局長を務めていたトム・リッジ氏を指名した。　１９４７年の国防総省設立以来、米政府として最大規模の組織改編。今後６０日以内に臨時本部が設置され、１、２年間かけて沿岸警備隊、国境警備隊などこれまで別々の組織だった２２の政府機関の統合が行われる。　１テロ情報分析２核・生物・化学兵器テロ対策３国境警備・交通機関対策−などの部門に分かれ、職員１７万人、年間予算は４００億ドル（約４兆９０００億円）近い巨大官庁となる。連邦捜査局（ＦＢＩ）と中央情報局（ＣＩＡ）のテロ対策部門は統合の対象外。　また同法発効によって、ハイジャック対策のため民間航空機の操縦室内に銃を配備することも認められた。

11月25日ブッシュ大統領は「2002年国土安全保障法」に署名、正式に国土安全保障省の創設に向けてTom Ridge現ホワイトハウス国土安全保障局長を初代長官に任命した。
１．法案署名時の大統領声明："Remarks by the President at the Signing of H.R. 5005 the Homeland Security　Act of 2002,"　November 25, 2002
２．同時に発表されたこれからの計画案："Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan," November 25, 2002 (PDF, 18p)　

Signing Homeland Security Bill, Bush Appoints Ridge as Secretary-NewYorkTimes-Nov.26,2002-By RICHARD W. STEVENSON-President Bush is entrusting Tom Ridge to oversee what is sure to be a difficult merger of disparate government agencies. : ? Man in the News: Thomas Joseph Ridge : ? Domestic Security Bill Riles 9/11 Families : ? Navy Secretary Is Nominated for No. 2 Post

Ridge Faces Daunting Task-WashingtonPost-Nov.26,2002-Analysts question Homeland Dept. nominee's record, ability to win bureaucratic battles. ? Mike Allen?Homeland Security Dept. Enacted

テロ対策の要、米国土安全省設置法が成立(11/26-10:42)-YomiuriOnLine

［米国土安全省］「テロ防止の決意を示す巨大官庁」ー読売新聞社説２００２・１１・２５-　ブッシュ米政権の威信をかけた重要な省庁再編である。　テロ対策の要となる「国土安全省」設置法案が、上下両院を賛成多数で通過した。大統領の署名を経て、来年一月には、職員十七万人、年間予算三百五十五億ドルの巨大官庁が誕生する。
　大統領が六月に新省設置を提案してから半年足らずでの法案成立だ。ホワイトハウスと議会の迅速な対応は、昨年の同時テロを機に米国民の間に強まる「安全最優先」の声にこたえたものだ。
　国土安全省の主要業務は、米国内のテロ攻撃を未然に防ぎ、万一、発生した場合は、被害を最小限に食い止め、速やかな復旧を実施することにある。
　二十二の省庁・機関のテロ対策関連部局を、国境警備・運輸安全、情報分析・インフラ防御、大量破壊兵器を使ったテロへの対策、緊急事態対応、の主要な機能別に統合する。組織一元化で効率的なテロ対策を進めるのが狙いだ。
　要人警護にあたるシークレットサービスと税関（財務省）、移民帰化局（司法省）、沿岸警備隊（運輸省）、災害復旧担当の連邦緊急事態管理局（ＦＥＭＡ）が、組織の中核となる。エネルギー省や国防総省も一部の機能を移転させる。
　これほど大規模な行政組織の改革は、第二次大戦後、冷戦時代の幕開けに、民主党のトルーマン政権が、国家安全保障法に従って国防総省や中央情報局（ＣＩＡ）を創設した時以来のことだ。
　「小さな政府」を標榜（ひょうぼう）する共和党政権下で、マンモス官庁が生まれるのは皮肉だ。だが、同時テロが米国にもたらした脅威感は、そうした原則さえも超えるほど深刻だ、ということだろう。
　問題は、国土安全省が期待通り機能を発揮できるかどうかだ。官僚の縄張り意識を排除し、組織内の風通しをよくしていかなければならない。部局の寄せ集めに終わっては新省設置の意味はない。
　情報分析ではＣＩＡや連邦捜査局（ＦＢＩ）との情報共有や密接な協力が必要だ。断片的な事前情報を持ちながら判断不足で活用し損なった、という同時テロでの教訓も生かすべきだろう。
　日本も、米国が見せた素早い行動力を学ぶべきだ。阪神大震災や地下鉄サリン事件、武装工作船への対応で、反省点は多かった。国と地方自治体、警察と自衛隊、海上保安庁など、緊急事態に対処すべき部署の相互の連絡、役割分担で、危機管理対策は、まだまだ不十分だ。
　グローバル時代にテロ対策は世界共通の課題である。国際的な協力態勢を一層進めるためにも、日本のテロ対策の現状を再点検し、練り直す必要がある。　(11月24日22:39)

Senate Votes, 90-9, to Set Up Homeland Security Department Geared to Fight Terrorism-NewYorkTimes-Nov.20,2002-By DAVID FIRESTONE-The creation of the huge department, Washington's biggest transformation in 50 years, ended months of rancorous debate.・Establishing New Agency Could Take Years

President Praises Senate Passage of Homeland Bill-WashingtonPost-Nov.20.2002-Bush calls congressional approval to create a Department of Homeland Security a "historic and bold step."

Most Homeland Security Agencies Still Unfunded for 2003, Analysts Say-DefenseNews com.-Nov 19, 2002-By EMILY WOODWARD-Even if U.S. senators and lawmakers succeed in passing legislation to establish a new Department of Homeland Security before the end of the year, all but two of the nascent department’s component agencies would remain unfunded by the time the next legislative session begins in January, congressional budget analysts said Nov. 19.
With H.R. 5005, the House’s latest version of the homeland security bill, likely to pass as early as this week, “Congress will create a department, without giving it the resources to fulfill its mission,” said Kate Kaufer, an analyst at the Center for Arms Control and Nonproliferation, a Washington-based policy tank.
Of the 33 federal agencies that would be included in the new department, only those two that fall under the $355 billion Department of Defense Appropriations Act for 2003 ? the Biological Weapons Defense Analysis Center and the National Communications System ? have received funding for next year, Kaufer said in a Nov. 19 phone interview.

Homeland Security Bill Nears Senate Passage--WashingtonPost-Nov.19,2002-Senate Democrats today failed in an attempt to kill what they described as "special interest" favors in legislation to create a Department of Homeland Security, and the bill appeared headed for swift enactment. Voting 52-47, the Senate refused to strip out seven provisions that Democrats said were aimed at rewarding interests that were closely allied to the GOP and help finance its campaigns. With last-minute help from President Bush, who made several phone calls to wavering senators,?Spending Bill Delays Crimp Terror War ?Government Cyber-Security Lacking

米「国土安全省」設置法案成立へ、上院採決１４日にも(11/13-14:15)-YomiuriOnLine-2002

Homeland Security Dept. Nears Approval in Senate-WashingtonTimes-Nov. 12, 2002--Three centrist lawmakers accept a Bush compromise on workers' rights. ?Special Report: National Security

Homeland Security Bill Is Stalled Prospects Dim For Passage This Year-(Washington Post, October 2, 2002, Pg. 1)-The Senate failed to end a four-week standoff on a homeland security bill, making it unlikely that Congress will complete work on creating a new anti-terror department before the November elections, several key lawmakers said.

2001年

Combating Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Terrorism
A Comprehensive Strategy

Frank J. Cilluffo, task force chairman and author
Sharon L. Cardash, task force coordinator and author
Gordon N. Lederman, task force coauthor
CSIS Report
May 2001
72 pp.
ISBN 0-89206-389-0

$19.95 (pb)

The United States currently lacks a comprehensive strategy for countering the threat of terrorism involving nuclear, radiological, chemical, and - most glaringly - biological weapons. Although federal, state, and local governments have made impressive strides to prepare for terrorism involving these weapons, the whole remains less than the sum of the parts. As a result, the United States is now at a crossroads. Although credit must be given where due, the time has come for a cold-eyed assessment and evaluation based on program reviews and other measures of effectiveness. This report offers such an assessment, providing a road map of near- and long-term priorities for senior federal officials to marshal federal, state, local, private sector, and nongovernmental resources for defending the U.S. homeland against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism.

Frank J. Cilluffo, chair of the CBRN Terrorism Task Force, is deputy director of the CSIS Transnational Threats Initiative. Sharon L. Cardash, coordinator of the CBRN Terrorism Task Force, is a research associate with the Transnational Threats Initiative. Gordon N. Lederman, task force coauthor, is an attorney with Arnold & Porter.

Contents

Acknowledgments
CBRN Terrorism Task Force
Executive Summary
Introduction
Prevention
Domestic Response Preparedness
Appendix: CBRN Terrorism Task Force Briefings and Interviews
About the Authors